Neurological examination of small animals is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of central and peripheral nervous system disorders. Neurological problems cover a wide spectrum, including movement coordination disorders, seizures, behavioural changes, and pain and weakness. In order to make a proper diagnosis, we use a variety of diagnostic tools and procedures in addition to clinical examinations.

The Neurological Examination Process

1. Taking a clinical history:
   The first step in the investigation is to take a detailed history from the owner. This includes a history of the patient's condition, symptoms observed, course of the disease and previous medical treatments. The anamnesis helps to determine the cause of the neurological problems.
2. Physical and Neurological Examination:
   During the clinical examination, the animal is thoroughly examined, taking into account neurological functions such as reflexes, perception, motor coordination and balance. During the neurological examination, the following are assessed:
   • Reflexes: Testing deep and superficial reflexes helps to assess the functioning of the nervous system.
   • Motorized Functions: The assessment of motor coordination and muscle strength is important to determine the condition of the peripheral nerves and spinal cord.
   • Perception: Examination of the functioning of the senses, including sight, hearing and touch.
3. Diagnostic Tools:
   Various diagnostic procedures are used to accurately diagnose neurological problems, such as:
   • X-rays: To assess the condition of the bones and spine.
   • Ultrasound: To examine soft tissues and internal organs.
   • CT and MRI: These imaging techniques allow detailed examination of the central nervous system, helping to identify tumours, inflammations or other abnormalities.
   • Laboratory Tests: Blood and urine tests can help rule out metabolic or infectious causes.

Treatment Options

Once a diagnosis is made, the treatment plan is tailored to the patient's condition and diagnosis. Treatment options may include:

• Drug Therapy: Use of anti-inflammatories, painkillers, antiepileptics and other medicines to relieve symptoms.
• Surgical Interventions: If necessary, surgical procedures such as tumour removal or spinal surgery.
• Rehabilitation Therapy: Physiotherapy and rehabilitation programmes to restore mobility.